Welcome to
Movement of
HUMAN UNITY
letter to the secretary general of the united nations
Mr. Secretary-General of the United Nations
United Nations Organization
New York
Dear Mr. Secretary-General António Guterres,
My name is Manuel Herranz Martín, a philosopher and peace researcher, and I am writing to you to respectfully request that you transmit this Peace Proposal to all Heads of State and that they, in turn, make it public.
- Philosophical and Political Foundation of the Proposal
As the wise cosmopolitans of antiquity—both Eastern and Western—already understood, peace consists in inclusive decision-making, which logically avoids and prevents the intention to harm and seeks exclusively the common good.
In the past, however, peace was unfeasible, since human groups developed in isolation and without communication; decision-making was then necessarily exclusive and thus inevitably led to confrontation. Today, however, human beings are in constant contact and communication, and this new situation allows us to reconsider that historical possibility.
The current problem is that each State has constituted itself as an armed unit which, as a weapon, does not act solely in times of war—by killing and destroying—but constantly acts through its mere potential: its capacity and threat to kill and cause harm. Even if no physical attack occurs, this potential operates virtually and permanently, as it is mentally anticipated by the targeted party—that is, the one onto whom the intention to harm is projected—whether that be members of the same armed unit or State, or those of other States. This potential defines our entire existence.
The anticipation of the weapon’s effect determines who imposes their will and who obeys. This marginalizes the actual value of the object or resource in dispute—something that could otherwise be shared or cooperated on—since, under this logic, the only thing that matters is which weapon it serves. (Private property is not an innate human impulse, as it would not be possible without an armed structure backing it. And, in truth, only the weapon is absolutely private, as it is destined to harm the other; all other things are private only insofar as they are subordinated to it.)
This same virtual effect makes the weapon the organizing principle of all human relations, structuring them through inequality and hierarchy—both military and governmental—thus depriving us of our freedom and humanity, which are grounded in our capacity to put ourselves in the place of the other (the indistinct human being). Everything we do, say, or produce is ultimately subordinated to reinforcing the weapon to which we belong or are incorporated, as a means either to impose it or to resist the weapon of others.
(It should be noted that this logic is neither linear nor simple: the coexistence of multiple armed units or States creates situations where, at times, what strengthens one weapon is its strategic subordination to another; and direct development may even become counterproductive. Nevertheless, in the end, even the leaders of the most powerful States find their supposedly free will reduced to the sole aim of strengthening their military apparatus—though in their case, they can do so more openly and directly.)
But what I intend to convey here is that, since the weapon’s determining effect manifests permanently or immanently—through its mere potential or existence—this Peace Proposal cannot be directed toward seeking the direct support of citizens, nor of individual State governments, nor even of non-governmental or humanitarian organizations. Just like all other subjects and resources within the State, even if their intentions are noble, these entities are funded and conditioned by States, depend on them, and can only reproduce their interests.
Any initiative that does not contribute, directly or indirectly, to the strengthening of the State apparatus is perceived as a threat—or, at best, as a useless expense. As a result, it is neither supported, nor funded, nor granted access to the State’s communication channels—which dominate virtually all public space—and thus it is dissolved.
On the other hand, the current state of interconnection and communication among all human beings now allows us to achieve peace and harmony, since for the first time in history we have the real possibility of acting universally and simultaneously—the only condition capable of neutralizing the immanent effect of the weapon. For this reason, this proposal must be issued from the UN, as the body that represents the totality of States, so that it may acquire truly universal and simultaneous character.
This, Mr. Secretary-General, is the reason why I address you directly: to ask that you convey this letter to all Heads of State or Government—the highest authorities of all countries—so that they may share it with their fellow citizens.
2. peace proposal: unification of armed power under a common command
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The only way to stop the permanent or immanent violence of the weapon—which manifests as the mutual threat of death and harm—is the unification of all weapons under a single command. To that end, I assume this responsibility in the name of Humanity and hereby communicate it to all States and armed units, requesting its publication.
Only in this way will not only bloody mutual destruction—war itself—cease, but also the virtual, ongoing violence that stems from the mere existence of the weapon: the threat it projects. Even without bloodshed, this threat constitutes a real form of aggression, as it deprives us of freedom, imposes one will upon another, humiliates the one who must submit, and compels them to arm themselves as much as possible in self-defense—thus preventing actions based on common sense and obstructing cooperation for mutual benefit.
A ceasefire is not sufficient while the parties still possess their weapons. Under such conditions, they will continue to develop destructive capabilities and project them against each other. Any suspension of hostilities without halting the development of arms is merely a temporary truce—a pause before the next confrontation. Only the unification of all weapons under a common command can bring about peace, because the weapon only exists in opposition to another. Its very nature is confrontation, and its unification cancels it: it loses meaning, becomes useless and redundant. In this way, the true human interest—cooperation for the common good—not only becomes possible, but desirable and even necessary.
It is not even necessary to begin disarmament or destroy weapons in order to achieve peace. It is enough that, through unity, the need to develop them ceases universally. This is humanity’s liberation: it allows and compels us to act in accordance with our true nature—the pursuit of the common good—instead of continuing to desperately seek the destruction of others.
This understanding can be generalized with clear logic: from division, from partiality, from the current state—based on exclusive decision-making—arise confrontation, evil, and the world’s calamities. In contrast, from unity, from universality—that is, from inclusive decision-making—arise, logically, cooperation for the common good.
In both cases, it is not so much about individual will, but about the conditioning environment or circumstance, which causes the will to act accordingly. We are mutually dependent. In unity, the same good benefits us all, and from it arise goodwill, good behavior, positive disposition, attitude, and all corresponding activities. And we will all contribute to it: encouraging, helping, advising, and influencing one another with an awareness of our universal interdependence.
Justification and Clarification of the Personal Aspect of the Proposal
If anyone asks why, in my case, this proposal has been possible, I must say it holds no particular merit. It is circumstances that have brought me here. The desire for peace and the will to live in harmony exist equally in all of us.
By chance, I studied philosophy in the 1980s and became deeply interested—and alarmed—by the threat of nuclear confrontation during the Cold War. I later experienced that anxiety more intensely while studying and working in Berlin during those very years. That same interest later led me to study the most widely spoken languages, which took me to live in Moscow, London, Cairo, and Beijing. Destiny also led me to marry a Russian woman and today I share my life with a Chinese woman.
These life experiences allowed me to understand, intimately and profoundly, that human beings are essentially the same in every part of the world. That there is no justification for our permanent aggression—whether in word, action, or omission. On the contrary, years and years of experience have shown me how we are all subjected to conditioning and partial information—necessarily prejudiced, confused, or false—which drag us along according to the conflicting interests of States—or, more precisely, of the weapon.
Since the 1980s, I have devoted myself to studying and researching independently, connecting ideas until reaching the certainty of what is truly happening to us. And I am not alone: this knowledge has been shared by wise individuals from both East and West throughout the centuries. But this knowledge has been systematically concealed or ignored, because it does not serve the State. And similarly—and by way of illustration—it helps us to understand that the State, by its very logic, rejects the white flag, which represents the human option. That flag exists, but it is not available. The same is true of this knowledge: it exists, but it is inaccessible. It is not offered to students or scholars; rather, it is omitted and hidden.
But the time has come for the truth—because truth does exist—to be revealed to all humanity. We possess abundant documentation from the human perspective. And now it is also possible to give it a voice. If, as Sunzi said, war is the art of deception (and of corruption, which it induces), then truth is also peace—because there can be no other truth than the human one.
This knowledge, transmitted since ancient times, is available to anyone who seeks it. And with peace, it will become predominant. It is knowledge oriented toward the common good, not the particular interest of the State—it is easy to distinguish. I have tried to publish what I have learned, as a doctor of philosophy, but my voice has received no diffusion or recognition—as was to be expected. On the contrary, every possible space for it in the academic field has been closed off.
It is also important to understand that the command I assume, paradoxically, does not entail power in the usual sense—it merely lays claim to the relevant and demonstrable knowledge. It is not based on coercion, threat, harm, or homicide. To conceive of a unified weapon attacking and defending itself would be absurd, just as imagining that it must impose itself on itself. The purpose of this command—unlike the usual ones—is not to develop the weapon, but to disarm it. And that disarmament is not imposed; it is carried out voluntarily, as a result of unity, of the weapon’s uselessness within a framework of coordinated cooperation and shared interest.
My task does not differ from that of any other human being once unity is achieved: to contribute to disarmament. And disarmament is to cooperate for the common good of humanity, rather than in the interest of one weapon against another.
3. disarmament as a process of cooperation and unity
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After the unification of armed forces comes disarmament—a coordinated, reciprocal, and universal process of dismantling resources that, until now, have been desperately allocated to threat and destruction. These resources are to be recycled and redirected toward human well-being, care, and shared development. This, in fact, constitutes the effective unification of the world and the integration of all human beings into a single system of coexistence, as disarmament also means the dismantling of borders.
There is no middle ground: the misuse or waste of resources is also contrary to disarmament, as it defrauds the community—understood as inclusive decision-making, the mechanism by which we avoid and prevent the intention to harm.
Everything, except weapons, exists to serve us, and its use implicitly as such carries not only the purpose, but the manner, the timing, and the agent of use. Each object must be used in the most efficient and appropriate way; this human use becomes itself a reference of understanding, order, harmony, and concord.
In this new context, merit is shared by all, and all are equally beneficiaries of our commitment. The first priority, then, must be to ensure decent and satisfying living conditions for all people, beginning with those in greatest need. This also includes joint care for the environment and the planet. The second is to promote the development of our capabilities—technological and otherwise—and expand our reach, for example, into outer space and the oceans.
Disarmament also requires—and simultaneously promotes—a profound reorganization of human relationships, eliminating inequality and hierarchy, which are structural adaptations to the weapon. A hierarchy represents a constant threat, as it tends to absorb individuals at its base and forces others to organize similarly in order to resist it. In the new framework, command is no longer permanent, but circumstantial—based on knowledge and linked to a specific object or shared task. And this relationship ends with the task itself.
Disarmament also implies dismantling discriminatory differences—whether by country, race, religion, or others—because all discrimination is a logical consequence of the state of absolute war, which truly isolates each and every one of us and drives us to ally and align ourselves into physical blocs of power. Ultimately, these consolidate into two, as a way to summon the greatest strength, according to our virtual anticipations. And it is also through that virtual anticipation that we form our affinities and adversities.
Equality is not an illusion but a logical reality: we are all equivalent as rational beings (the logos inhabits us). And unity demands and naturally leads us to treat others as we wish to be treated. Equality—understood as impartiality and fairness—is the concrete form peace takes, just as inequality and discrimination are expressions of war or of the weapon. For to speak of weapons is to speak of war.
The will to disarm—the will to reject the weapon, to not kill or harm if no one wants to kill or harm you—makes my command over all weapons your own command as well, for it is our liberation from submission to the weapon.
The will to disarm leads us to understand the necessity—both virtual and real—we have for one another. It connects us: our well-being is the well-being of others, and their harm, our harm. There is no longer a distinction between you and me, or between any of those who join this common purpose: the will to cease serving the weapon, that is, the rejection of the homicidal intention or the end of ill will—even if that ill will, paradoxically, is involuntary.
And it is our responsibility to uphold disarmament and its demands in our surroundings, starting with those closest to us. Paradoxically, this is only possible through inclusive and universal decision-making.
That is why this will requires a form: its public expression. It is not enough for each individual, separately, to cease their homicidal intent. It must be done publicly and in coordination. That is why I step forward, show my face, and assume this responsibility in this transitional phase. But no successor or permanent structure is required, beyond the shared logic that has now been initiated.
Once this will is made public, we will all become aware of what constitutes evil—the intention to harm—and likewise, of what truly benefits us—which is common—and we will know how to move forward on the path toward total disarmament, whose result is the human community. Because the encounter with the other as an equal is what disarms us. A weapon only exists in relation to another. The weapon exists for itself. Outside the logic of the weapon, among human beings, there is no contradiction: our intelligence of reality—our virtual relationship—drives us to live in unity.
The current system of law and property may continue to be protected by the police under the control of the State, and it will gradually dissolve as the threat of crime or theft disappears. Just as weapons cease to exist when they no longer face one another—and this is what we achieve immediately with unified command—crime, too, will cease to have reason to exist, as disarmament brings with it structural reforms.
No one will be stripped of their rights or property—that too would be violence—but understood as a means of production in service of the common good, its use will seek maximum utility. This also benefits the possessor, as the common interest will guide even the use of others’ resources or property, and ownership will become irrelevant. Meanwhile, consumer goods may be enjoyed far more freely when the owner no longer has to dedicate part of their resources—or their attention—to protecting them.
4. the guarantee of peace: public disclosure
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The guarantee that no one can abuse this historic moment—and that there is no turning back—lies in the universal publicity of these conditions of peace, which are for everyone and involve everyone. Publicity, transparency, and openness are, in fact, the very forms of inclusive decision-making, without which such inclusivity cannot exist.
Each person must accept that any intention to develop or serve the weapon—that is, any homicidal intention—can no longer be justified by the threat posed by others. Therefore, it must be considered a criminal act, to be rejected by all and prevented by all possible means.
While, as previously mentioned, unity will naturally lead us to care for, encourage, and support one another in ethical and cooperative behavior, it is also possible—especially during the transitional phase or disarmament process—to accompany this change with incentives or rewards for behaviors most beneficial to the community. However, these must now be oriented toward universal human interest, not partial or national interests.
Similarly, it may—or may not—be appropriate to establish a universal currency. Perhaps the inheritance of property (especially consumable goods, which could include money) should be allowed—or perhaps not. These decisions must be made through public, inclusive, and reasoned processes, guided by shared logic and oriented toward common goals. Judgments must be collective, in light of the common good of humanity, considering both the present generation and future ones. But decisions must be made unanimously—that is, without any objection. Resources and usage options are limited, so there is little risk of wide dispersion of viewpoints, and the chosen option should be the one considered most beneficial to all. Objections must be reasoned and aimed at the common good. Unanimity does not mean perfection; it means transparency and a shared logic.
The universal publicity of the decision-making process and its goals will be the foundation of unanimity. Each person may intervene to improve, object to, or enrich the proposals in the interest of all humanity. It is logical, however, that experts in each field formulate the proposals for change and development—but always for the common good. Logical capacity—human logos—is the same in all of us: it tells us clearly what is right and what is wrong. And today, it also tells us clearly and unmistakably that the weapon is evil, and its alternative is the good.
5. final considerations: a human and universal commitment
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Since this letter is public—or, at the very least, is not being secretly sent to the Secretary-General of the UN—all citizens of the world are invited to support this proposal, if they so wish and are able to do so.
However, as has been explained, we cannot expect a direct response from each individual unless it is universal and simultaneous, since the weapon imposes a logic that silences sincere and human will. Furthermore, misinformation reigns, as a result of that same partial will. Each person, even if they know that the weapon—whose purpose is homicide—is evil, also believes that there is no alternative. They simply believe they are not free, that they are subject to that condition. Until an alternative such as the one presented here appears—one which I hope will be understood as soon as possible.
As for current political debates—national or international—and the concerns of the present, we cannot now afford to divert attention toward other issues, such as climate change, artificial intelligence, or any other emergency. The fundamental human problem is the violence that overshadows everything. And once this is resolved, the rest may also be resolved—or at least, we will be able to face it together with the best possible response.
More than that: at this moment, in which tension is rising inexorably, we are moving toward an increasingly inevitable confrontation. And any confrontation involving weapons as powerful as those now in existence could lead to our extinction.
This final statement leaves no room for further evasion. This proposal must be considered seriously and sincerely. I remain at your full disposal for any clarification or detail, and I await your most prompt response.
Thank you for your attention.
Manuel Herranz Martín
Mijas, July 22, 2025
For a world republic
MANIFESTO FOR INCLUSIVE HUMAN COEXISTENCE
War—which may become nuclear and lead to our extinction—cannot be avoided unilaterally. Yet today, all human beings are in contact and must reach an agreement for coexistence: that is, inclusive decision-making, whose logical consequence is the pursuit of the common good and the end not only of war but also of the weapon itself—the weapon being the organized human effort to kill or harm others, and thus the very expression of evil: the deliberate intention to cause harm.
Our ill will—the desire to kill or harm others—is, paradoxically, involuntary, as it is merely the logical consequence of our separation or isolation from the past; that is, from exclusive decision-making which, by its very logic, led us to confrontation. Therefore, our most important resource has become violence, and with it, difference, discrimination.
On the contrary, unity—or inclusive decision-making—not only eliminates evil (the homicidal and harmful intent) and war, but also leads us to harmony, also by its own logic, as it serves the interest of all and is, therefore, induced and caused by mutual influence.
Thus:
I DECLARE
- That in our current state of global contact and communication, the only thing preventing inclusive decision-making is weaponry, organized into armed units or states—to which all humans are subjected and which we serve. Since the purpose of weapons is to kill and harm, the interests of states or armed units are essentially opposed, and the improvement of one is to the detriment of the others (their cooperation is essentially directed against third parties).
- Now, it is the responsibility of each person to reject any homicidal or harmful intent or purpose—provided that everyone else does the same—and also to communicate this and persuade others to reject such ill will under the same condition.
- Whoever now prioritizes what they believe (that which separates us) over what they know is cursed and unworthy before Humanity, for they drive us all toward genocide and possibly extinction.
- No one is to be coerced or forced—such action would be contradictory. This is solely about awakening the conscience of what evil is, and making that awareness, as soon as possible, universal.
From this awareness follows the following:
AGREEMENT
- To pursue joint disarmament and allocate all resources to the common good: first, to meet human needs; second, to develop our potential and reach.
- Decision-making, as well as the purpose of these decisions, shall always be universally public and unanimous, so that every human being may improve or object to them in good faith.
For any questions, we can discuss them publicly at @HumanUnityMove1 or you may write to manuel@whiteflag.info
For a world republic
freedom is peace
The reason humans do not cooperate for the common good and instead dedicate ourselves to mutual destruction is, obviously, the lack of freedom. Mutual destruction cannot be anyone’s will or desire.
The current system of laws and rights cannot avoid war. If someone harms another, they can reconcile or, in the worst case, abide by mediation so that they do not destroy each other, however, the weapon deprives freedom (of free will); it subdues without ‘harming’, because it does so from its power/potential. And a weapon can only be countered with another weapon (as or more powerful). If neither prevails, mutual destruction -war- follows (“the attempt or action to disarm the enemy”) because what is at stake is the will that governs the other without any alternative, since the will that prevails is not free either; it cannot be other than to continue arming itself as much as it can and prevent the other from doing so.
The fact that the weapon acts from its power also means that it does so from its mere existence, prior to that of the human being, so humans had no other option than to adapt to it and live immersed in its diabolical vicious circle.
for a world republic
Peace cannot be based on imposition. Freedom is the voluntary act of cooperation among people who share a common purpose, to which each contributes because they understand it is in their own interest.
The weapon is to kill us, harm us and destroy each other, so we all understand that its improvement is to kill faster, more people, in one blow, better avoid enemy defense systems, and so on.
All other objects are meant to serve us, and when we understand their purpose, or how something is used, we also understand their improvement; in a car go faster, safer, carry more, use less gasoline, in a table be lighter and stronger, etc., with which we also know implicitly who, when, how those means should be used in the service of the human being.
What happens now is that weapons subordinate these objects to their own purpose (they deprive them of their service to humanity), because the weapon, which has the purpose of harm (to the other), obviously can only be private, and, likewise, what serves one weapon cannot serve another.
However, if humans unite in a world republic the weapon becomes useless and redundant, because its cause or reason for being is itself/against itself. Thus, we are freed, and, with weapons excluded, those same objects help, clarify, and facilitate our relationships, as these are also based on mutual and common service to our shared humanity.
information
The means of the republic (res publica = public matter), as well as that of simple cooperation without imposition or free and voluntary, is the information or publicity of the reason for being or purpose of something. Through whose knowledge one freely cooperates if one finds that it is in one’s own interest. So this same message or information you are reading now is the very foundation of the republic.
Although states call themselves republics, they cannot truly be so, because the weapon—that is, the purpose of harm—cannot be made public. To make it public is, in fact, to make it universal. For this reason, the system of states inevitably includes secrecy and the mystification of their subjects. In contrast, the functioning of the republic is based on the dissemination of the purpose or rationale of what is universally proposed, and apart from weapons, there is no contradiction among us, for everything is meant to serve us.
Publicity and transparency are also guarantees—and mechanisms of accountability—that ensure there is no deceit, harm, confusion, or ill intent, but only benefit for all.
LETTER
For a world republic
Who we are
We promote human inclusive decision-making for the common good.
Our Mission Statement
We promote a World Republic
Our Goal
Human peace and concord.
Message for reconciliation
1 - The weapon is the same as the war
And if none prevail, war follows – whether preventive, indirect or direct – which is ‘the attempt or action to disarm the enemy’. The weapon does not subdue by its actual use (death, destruction) but by its power – its actual use is anticipated.
And its potency is its mere existence – already given in nature and to which humans adapted. The weapon is the ultimate human production in every time and place (also in the future that we anticipate) and the real object of everything that is made; cities, infrastructures, inventions, technologies…, although it does not share with us today, we know from the past that everything seeks to reinforce the weapon.
2 - The purpose of the harm is not shared publicly.
All humans are incorporated into an armed unit (and/or state), a system of hierarchical submission, or total inequality (injustice), which deprives them of freedom and humanity.
If one person does wrong: harms another, and this is made public all condemn it, for justice, peace, as well as cooperation for mutual benefit is the common interest, but exploiting others so that the weapon is strengthened and harming and killing the enemy is rewarded.
And if someone refuses to exploit or kill others they are forced to obey orders or penalised or even executed as deserters, so deception and violence are prevalent in our relationships.
Since their origin, armed units have manifested themselves through ideologies that their subjects have to learn in schools and other means, making it difficult for them to face reality, preventing them from understanding each other and only showing submission to a weapon or alliance.
3. Disarmament is universal
Inclusive decision making results in the common good and prevention of harm.
But the first inclusive decision has to be disarmament, which is only possible with the cooperation of all and therefore only possible today, as partial disarmament would only result in serving another weapon.
That is why inclusiveness as the way to human peace and concord, though well known to the sages of the past, has not been taught to us, for it was not only unfeasible, but would have weakened the party spreading it.
Now that all humans are in contact, let us reconcile ourselves by sharing this message and let us replace submission to the weapon by public decision making (inclusive, universal), stopping all arms development and initiating disarmament, for weapons are only one for another, let us all cooperate now to transform swords into ploughshares.

It’s our time
Mozi (475 BC – 221 BC) is the most important Chinese philosopher. He flourished during the period known as the Hundred Schools of Thought. The Mozi is an anthology of writings traditionally attributed to Mozi and his followers. His doctrine is known as the policy of Universal Love and Inclusive Care.
Mozi understands that partiality or exclusive decision-making (別) is the cause of the world’s calamities because it leads us to confrontation. However, if we live in the same community, the logical consequence will be to treat others as we wish to be treated, that is, Universal Love.
(Mozi, Book IV, I-3,4)
“The thief robs other families in order to gain advantage for his own family. Since he loves only his own family and not others, the thief does violence to others in order to benefit himself. And the reason for all this is lack of love. And those who love their own state and not others, attack other states in order to benefit their own. And when we examine the causes, we find that they all arise from lack of mutual love….. When each person regards other people as his own person, who will steal? When each person regards the states of others as his own, who will invade?”
(Mozi, Book 4, III -2)
Mozi continued: Whoever criticizes others must have something to replace it. Criticism without suggestion is like trying to stop a flood with a flood and put out fire with fire. It will surely be of no avail. Mozi said: Partiality must be replaced by universality. But how can partiality be replaced by universality?….. We have discovered that the consequences of universal love are the greatest benefits of the world and the consequences of partiality are the greatest calamities of the world; this is why Mozi said that partiality is wrong and universality is right..
(Mozi, Book V, I-2)
The murder of one person is called unrighteous and incurs one death penalty. Following this argument, the murder of ten persons will be ten times as unrighteous and there should be ten death penalties; the murder of a hundred persons will be a hundred times as unrighteous and there should be a hundred death penalties. All the gentlemen of the world know that they should condemn these things, calling them unrighteous. But when it comes to the great unrighteousness of attacking states, they do not know that they should condemn it. On the contrary, they applaud it, calling it righteous. And they are really ignorant of its being unrighteous. Hence they have recorded their judgment to bequeath to their posterity. If they did know that it is unrighteous, then why would they record their false judgment to bequeath to posterity? Now, if there were a man who, upon seeing a little blackness, should say it is black, but, upon seeing much, should say it is white; then we should think he could not tell the difference between black and white. If, upon tasting a little bitterness one should say it is bitter, but, upon tasting much, should say it is sweet; then we should think he could not tell the difference between bitter and sweet. Now, when a little wrong is committed people know that they should condemn it, but when such a great wrong as attacking a state is committed people do not know that they should condemn it. On the contrary, it is applauded, called righteous. Can this be said to be knowing the difference between the righteous and the unrighteous? Hence we know the gentlemen of the world are confused about the difference between righteousness and unrighteousness.”
Unfortunately the most important western cosmopolitan text, the Republic of Zenon of Citium, has been lost, but its impact was able to found Stoicism, the main philosophical school from the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, from the Iberian peninsula to India, or in the Roman Empire and Alexander’s Empire.
But the cosmopolitan proposal could not be carried out in an unknown and incommunicado world, so the Stoics derived this knowledge into a doctrine of virtue and finally derived it into Christianity.
(Plutarco, Sobre la fortuna de Alejandro (Magno), 329A-B)
“The much-admired Republic of Zeno, the first author of the Stoic sect, points only to this, that neither in cities nor in towns should we live under different laws from one another, but that we should regard all people in general as our countrymen and fellow citizens, observing one way of life and one kind of order, like a flock feeding with equal rights in one common pasture. This Zeno wrote, imagining, as in a dream, a certain scheme of civil order and the image of a philosophical community. “
(Meditationes, Marcus Aurelius, Book IV, 4)
“The reason that commands what is to be done and what is to be avoided is common to us. Since this is so, the law is also common to us and we are fellow citizens, we participate in the citizenship of the world, which is our city. “
(Meditations, Book IX, 1)
“The nature of the universe has made us reasonable creatures to one another, in order that we may do one another good.”
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